Ruang lingkup posting ini adalah untuk menjelaskan langkah-langkah yang terlibat dalam meningkatkan sistem file /boot, di mana tipe sistem file adalah XFS dan ketika tidak ada cukup ruang yang tersedia untuk menginstal paket kernel baru. Meskipun kami memiliki metode standar untuk mengurangi ukuran /boot yaitu menghapus file kernel dan gambar yang tidak digunakan dari boot, sebagai pendekatan alternatif, posting ini menggambarkan langkah-langkah untuk memperluas ukuran partisi boot.
Berikut ini adalah skenario di mana ini dapat diterapkan:
- Mesin tamu OVM/Vmware.
- Cadangan Tamu harus diambil dari OVM/Vmware.
- /boot tidak di LVM, sedangkan sistem file OS lain menggunakan LVM.
Ikuti langkah-langkah ini untuk memperluas ukuran partisi boot.
1. Tambahkan disk baru (ukuran disk baru harus sama atau lebih besar dari ukuran grup volume yang ada) dan gunakan 'fdisk -l' untuk memeriksa disk yang baru ditambahkan. misalnya /dev/sdb:
# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1026048 63852543 31413248 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 45.6 GB, 45642022912 bytes, 89144576 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/ol-root: 30.0 GB, 29972496384 bytes, 58540032 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/ol-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
2. Partisi disk yang baru ditambahkan dan ubah jenisnya ke Linux LVM:
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xef10e36e.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-89144575, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-89144575, default 89144575):
Using default value 89144575
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 42.5 GiB is set
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 45.6 GB, 45642022912 bytes, 89144576 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xef10e36e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 89144575 44571264 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks. 3. Buat volume fisik pada disk yang dipartisi, mis. /dev/sdb1.
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
4. Periksa nama grup volume. Tambahkan volume fisik ke grup volume yang ada.
# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree ol 1 2 0 wz--n- 29.96g 44.00m
# vgextend ol /dev/sdb1 Volume group "ol" successfully extended
5. Migrasikan volume fisik dari disk yang ada (/dev/sda2) ke yang baru dibuat (/dev/sdb1). Kemudian kurangi grup volume yang ada.
# pvmove /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda2: Moved: 0.1% /dev/sda2: Moved: 6.7% /dev/sda2: Moved: 8.1% /dev/sda2: Moved: 22.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 32.6% /dev/sda2: Moved: 53.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 76.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 78.2% /dev/sda2: Moved: 100.0%
# vgreduce ol /dev/sda2 Removed "/dev/sda2" from volume group "ol"
6. Hapus partisi /dev/sda2.
# fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): d Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 Partition 2 is deleted Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
7. Lepas /boot:
# umount /boot
8. Periksa blok awal dan akhir /dev/sda1. Kemudian hapus partisi /dev/sda1 dan buat partisi baru /dev/sda1 dengan blok awal yang sama dan perpanjang ukuran sebanyak yang diperlukan.
# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-63853567, default 2048): 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-63853567, default 63853567): +1000M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1000 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 2050047 1024000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks. 9. Periksa sistem file /dev/sda1:
# xfs_repair /dev/sda1 Phase 1 - find and verify superblock... Phase 2 - using internal log - zero log... - scan filesystem freespace and inode maps... - found root inode chunk Phase 3 - for each AG... - scan and clear agi unlinked lists... - process known inodes and perform inode discovery... - agno = 0 - agno = 1 - agno = 2 - agno = 3 - process newly discovered inodes... Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks... - setting up duplicate extent list... - check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks... - agno = 0 - agno = 1 - agno = 2 - agno = 3 Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees... - reset superblock... Phase 6 - check inode connectivity... - resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes - traversing filesystem ... - traversal finished ... - moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ... Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts... done
10. Ubah ukuran sistem file:
# xfs_growfs -d /dev/sda1 xfs_growfs: /dev/sda1 is not a mounted XFS filesystem
11. Pasang /boot.
# mount /boot
12. Setelah semua langkah ini, ukuran sistem file /boot akan diperpanjang. Anda dapat memeriksanya menggunakan perintah 'df -h'.
# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ol-root 28G 1.6G 27G 6% / devtmpfs 863M 0 863M 0% /dev tmpfs 873M 0 873M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 873M 8.5M 865M 1% /run tmpfs 873M 0 873M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 175M 0 175M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sda1 497M 147M 351M 30% /boot
Cara Mengaktifkan Ekstensi Otomatis LVM Tipis
Perpanjang volume pada disk yang tidak dipartisi (XFS) di bawah tamu VMware