Saya mengalami masalah yang sama ketika mencoba memahami proses pengoptimalan GCC dan untuk mengetahui instruksi mana yang telah atau belum digunakan selama proses ini. Karena saya tidak ramah dengan sejumlah besar kode operasi, saya mencari cara untuk memvisualisasikan instruksi spesifik (katakanlah SSE3) dalam kode yang dibongkar, atau setidaknya mencetak beberapa statistik minimal seperti apakah dan berapa banyak instruksi ini ada. dalam biner.
Saya belum menemukan solusi yang ada, tetapi jawaban Jonathan Ben-Avraham terbukti sangat berguna, karena menunjukkan sumber kode operasi yang hebat (dan bahkan sebagian terstruktur). Berdasarkan data ini, saya telah menulis skrip Bash yang dapat memvisualisasikan set instruksi tertentu atau mencetak statistik tentangnya menggunakan grep saat diberi output dari objdump .
Daftar kode operasi telah diubah menjadi skrip Bash mandiri yang kemudian dimasukkan (untuk tujuan keterbacaan yang lebih baik) dalam file utama yang saya beri nama opcode . Sejak opcode di gas.vim (vim Shirk definisi sintaksis, dari jawaban Jonathan) dikelompokkan secara sistematis (tampaknya) menurut arsitektur CPU yang berbeda, saya mencoba mempertahankan divisi ini dan membuat arsitektur->set instruksi pemetaan; Saya tidak yakin sekarang apakah itu ide yang bagus. Pemetaannya tidak akurat dan saya bahkan harus membuat beberapa perubahan pada gas.vim aslinya pengelompokan. Karena set instruksi yang berhubungan dengan arsitektur bukanlah niat awal saya, saya hanya mencoba untuk membuat set instruksi dari arsitektur utama yang dijelaskan di Internet, tetapi tanpa berkonsultasi dengan dokumentasi pabrikan. Arsitektur AMD tampaknya tidak dapat diandalkan sama sekali bagi saya (kecuali set instruksi seperti 3DNow! dan SSE5). Namun, saya memutuskan untuk meninggalkan kode untuk set instruksi dari berbagai arsitektur di sini agar orang lain dapat memeriksa dan mengoreksi/meningkatkan serta memberikan beberapa hasil tentatif kepada orang lain.
Awal file utama bernama opcode :
#!/bin/bash
#
# Searches disassembled code for specific instructions.
#
# Opcodes obtained from: https://github.com/Shirk/vim-gas/blob/master/syntax/gas.vim
#
# List of opcodes has been obtained using the following commands and making a few modifications:
# echo '#!/bin/bash' > Opcode_list
# wget -q -O- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shirk/vim-gas/master/syntax/gas.vim \
# | grep -B1 -E 'syn keyword gasOpcode_|syn match gasOpcode' | \
# sed -e '/^--$/d' -e 's/"-- Section:/\n#/g' \
# -e 's/syn keyword gasOpcode_\([^\t]*\)*\(\t\)*\(.*\)/Opcode_\1="\${Opcode_\1} \3"/g' \
# -e 's/Opcode_PENT_3DNOW/Opcode_ATHLON_3DNOW/g' -e 's/\\//g' \
# -e 's/syn match gasOpcode_\([^\t]*\)*.*\/<\(.*\)>\//Opcode_\1="\${Opcode_\1} \2"/g' \
# >> Opcode_list
#
# Modify file Opcode_list replacing all occurrences of:
# * Opcode_Base within the section "Tejas New Instructions (SSSE3)" with Opcode_SSSE3
# * Opcode_Base within the section "Willamette MMX instructions (SSE2 SIMD Integer Instructions)"
# with Opcode_WILLAMETTE_Base
# return values
EXIT_FOUND=0
EXIT_NOT_FOUND=1
EXIT_USAGE=2
# settings
InstSet_Base=""
Recursive=false
Count_Matching=false
Leading_Separator='\s'
Trailing_Separator='(\s|$)' # $ matches end of line for non-parametric instructions like nop
Case_Insensitive=false
Invert=false
Verbose=false
Stop_After=0
Line_Numbers=false
Leading_Context=0
Trailing_Context=0
source Opcode_list # include opcodes from a separate file
# GAS-specific opcodes (unofficial names) belonging to the x64 instruction set.
# They are generated by GNU tools (e.g. GDB, objdump) and specify a variant of ordinal opcodes like NOP and MOV.
# If you do not want these opcodes to be recognized by this script, comment out the following line.
Opcode_X64_GAS="nopw nopl movabs"
# instruction sets
InstSet_X86="8086_Base 186_Base 286_Base 386_Base 486_Base PENT_Base P6_Base KATMAI_Base WILLAMETTE_Base PENTM_Base"
InstSet_IA64="IA64_Base"
InstSet_X64="PRESCOTT_Base X64_Base X86_64_Base NEHALEM_Base X64_GAS"
InstSet_MMX="PENT_MMX KATMAI_MMX X64_MMX"
InstSet_MMX2="KATMAI_MMX2"
InstSet_3DNOW="ATHLON_3DNOW"
InstSet_SSE="KATMAI_SSE P6_SSE X64_SSE"
InstSet_SSE2="SSE2 X64_SSE2"
InstSet_SSE3="PRESCOTT_SSE3"
InstSet_SSSE3="SSSE3"
InstSet_VMX="VMX X64_VMX"
InstSet_SSE4_1="SSE41 X64_SSE41"
InstSet_SSE4_2="SSE42 X64_SSE42"
InstSet_SSE4A="AMD_SSE4A"
InstSet_SSE5="AMD_SSE5"
InstSet_FMA="FUTURE_FMA"
InstSet_AVX="SANDYBRIDGE_AVX"
InstSetDep_X64="X86"
InstSetDep_MMX2="MMX"
InstSetDep_SSE2="SSE"
InstSetDep_SSE3="SSE2"
InstSetDep_SSSE3="SSE3"
InstSetDep_SSE4_1="SSSE3"
InstSetDep_SSE4_2="SSE4_1"
InstSetDep_SSE4A="SSE3"
InstSetDep_SSE5="FMA AVX" # FIXME not reliable
InstSetList="X86 IA64 X64 MMX MMX2 3DNOW SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSSE3 VMX SSE4_1 SSE4_2 SSE4A SSE5 FMA AVX"
# architectures
Arch_8086="8086_Base"
Arch_186="186_Base"
Arch_286="286_Base"
Arch_386="386_Base"
Arch_486="486_Base"
Arch_Pentium="PENT_Base PENT_MMX" # Pentium = P5 architecture
Arch_Athlon="ATHLON_3DNOW"
Arch_Deschutes="P6_Base P6_SSE" # Pentium II
Arch_Katmai="KATMAI_Base KATMAI_MMX KATMAI_MMX2 KATMAI_SSE" # Pentium III
Arch_Willamette="WILLAMETTE_Base SSE2" # original Pentium IV (x86)
Arch_PentiumM="PENTM_Base"
Arch_Prescott="PRESCOTT_Base X64_Base X86_64_Base X64_SSE2 PRESCOTT_SSE3 VMX X64_VMX X64_GAS" # later Pentium IV (x64) with SSE3 (Willamette only implemented SSE2 instructions) and VT (VT-x, aka VMX)
Arch_P6=""
Arch_Barcelona="ATHLON_3DNOW AMD_SSE4A"
Arch_IA64="IA64_Base" # 64-bit Itanium RISC processor; incompatible with x64 architecture
Arch_Penryn="SSSE3 SSE41 X64_SSE41" # later (45nm) Core 2 with SSE4.1
Arch_Nehalem="NEHALEM_Base SSE42 X64_SSE42" # Core i#
Arch_SandyBridge="SANDYBRIDGE_AVX"
Arch_Haswell="FUTURE_FMA"
Arch_Bulldozer="AMD_SSE5"
ArchDep_8086=""
ArchDep_186="8086"
ArchDep_286="186"
ArchDep_386="286"
ArchDep_486="386"
ArchDep_Pentium="486"
ArchDep_Athlon="Pentium" # FIXME not reliable
ArchDep_Deschutes="Pentium"
ArchDep_Katmai="Deschutes"
ArchDep_Willamette="Katmai"
ArchDep_PentiumM="Willamette" # FIXME Pentium M is a Pentium III modification (with SSE2). Does it support also WILLAMETTE_Base instructions?
ArchDep_Prescott="Willamette"
ArchDep_P6="Prescott" # P6 started with Pentium Pro; FIXME Pentium Pro did not support MMX instructions (introduced again in Pentium II aka Deschutes)
ArchDep_Barcelona="Prescott" # FIXME not reliable
ArchDep_IA64=""
ArchDep_Penryn="P6"
ArchDep_Nehalem="Penryn"
ArchDep_SandyBridge="Nehalem"
ArchDep_Haswell="SandyBridge"
ArchDep_Bulldozer="Haswell" # FIXME not reliable
ArchList="8086 186 286 386 486 Pentium Athlon Deschutes Katmai Willamette PentiumM Prescott P6 Barcelona IA64 Penryn Nehalem SandyBridge Haswell Bulldozer"
Contoh Opcode_list file dibuat dan dimodifikasi menggunakan petunjuk di opcode per 27 Okt 2014, dapat ditemukan di http://pastebin.com/yx4rCxqs. Anda dapat menyisipkan file ini langsung ke opcode di tempat source Opcode_list garis. Saya telah mengeluarkan kode ini karena Stack Exchange tidak mengizinkan saya mengirimkan jawaban sebesar itu.
Terakhir, sisa opcode file dengan logika aktual:
usage() {
echo "Usage: $0 OPTIONS"
echo ""
echo " -r set instruction sets recursively according to dependency tree (must precede -a or -s)"
echo " -a set architecture"
echo " -s set instruction set"
echo " -L show list of available architectures"
echo " -l show list of available instruction sets"
echo " -i show base instruction sets of current instruction set (requires -a and/or -s)"
echo " -I show instructions in current instruction set (requires -a and/or -s)"
echo " -c print number of matching instructions instead of normal output"
echo " -f find instruction set of the following instruction (regex allowed)"
echo " -d set leading opcode separator (default '$Leading_Separator')"
echo " -D set trailing opcode separator (default '$Trailing_Separator')"
echo " -C case-insensitive"
echo " -v invert the sense of matching"
echo " -V print all lines, not just the highlighted"
echo " -m stop searching after n matched instructions"
echo " -n print line numbers within the original input"
echo " -B print n instructions of leading context"
echo " -A print n instructions of trailing context"
echo " -h print this help"
echo
echo "Multiple architectures and instruction sets can be used."
echo
echo "Typical usage is:"
echo " objdump -M intel -d FILE | $0 OPTIONS"
echo " objdump -M intel -d FILE | $0 -s SSE2 -s SSE3 -V Highlight SSE2 and SSE3 within FILE."
echo " objdump -M intel -d FILE | tail -n +8 | $0 -r -a Haswell -v -m 1 Find first unknown instruction."
echo " $0 -C -f ADDSD Find which instruction set an opcode belongs to."
echo " $0 -f .*fma.* Find all matching instructions and their instruction sets."
echo
echo "The script uses Intel opcode syntax. When used in conjunction with objdump, \`-M intel' must be set in order to prevent opcode translation using AT&T syntax."
echo
echo "BE AWARE THAT THE LIST OF KNOWN INSTRUCTIONS OR INSTRUCTIONS SUPPORTED BY PARTICULAR ARCHITECTURES (ESPECIALLY AMD'S) IS ONLY TENTATIVE AND MAY CONTAIN MISTAKES!"
kill -TRAP $TOP_PID
}
list_contains() { # Returns 0 if $2 is in array $1, 1 otherwise.
local e
for e in $1; do
[ "$e" = "$2" ] && return 0
done
return 1
}
build_instruction_set() { # $1 = enum { Arch, InstSet }, $2 = architecture or instruction set as obtained using -L or -l, $3 = "architecture"/"instruction set" to be used in error message
local e
list_contains "`eval echo \\\$${1}List`" "$2" || (echo "$2 is not a valid $3."; usage) # Test if the architecture/instruction set is valid.
if [ -n "`eval echo \\\$${1}_${2}`" ]; then # Add the instruction set(s) if any.
for e in `eval echo \\\$${1}_${2}`; do # Skip duplicates.
list_contains "$InstSet_Base" $e || InstSet_Base="$e $InstSet_Base"
done
fi
if [ $Recursive = true ]; then
for a in `eval echo \\\$${1}Dep_$2`; do
build_instruction_set $1 $a "$3"
done
fi
InstSet_Base="`echo $InstSet_Base | sed 's/$ *//'`" # Remove trailing space.
}
trap "exit $EXIT_USAGE" TRAP # Allow usage() function to abort script execution.
export TOP_PID=$$ # PID of executing process.
# Parse command line arguments.
while getopts ":ra:s:LliIcf:Fd:D:CvVm:nB:A:h" o; do
case $o in
r) Recursive=true ;;
a) build_instruction_set Arch "$OPTARG" "architecture" ;;
s) build_instruction_set InstSet "$OPTARG" "instruction set" ;;
L) echo $ArchList; exit $EXIT_USAGE ;;
l) echo $InstSetList; exit $EXIT_USAGE ;;
i)
if [ -n "$InstSet_Base" ]; then
echo $InstSet_Base
exit $EXIT_USAGE
else
echo -e "No instruction set or architecture set.\n"
usage
fi
;;
I)
if [ -n "$InstSet_Base" ]; then
for s in $InstSet_Base; do
echo -ne "\e[31;1m$s:\e[0m "
eval echo "\$Opcode_$s"
done
exit $EXIT_USAGE
else
echo -e "No instruction set or architecture set.\n"
usage
fi
;;
c) Count_Matching=true ;;
f)
# Unlike architectures, instruction sets are disjoint.
Found=false
for s in $InstSetList; do
for b in `eval echo \\\$InstSet_$s`; do
Found_In_Base=false
for i in `eval echo \\\$Opcode_$b`; do
if [[ "$i" =~ ^$OPTARG$ ]]; then
$Found_In_Base || echo -ne "Instruction set \e[33;1m$s\e[0m (base instruction set \e[32;1m$b\e[0m):"
echo -ne " \e[31;1m$i\e[0m"
Found_In_Base=true
Found=true
fi
done
$Found_In_Base && echo ""
done
done
if [ $Found = false ]; then
echo -e "Operation code \e[31;1m$OPTARG\e[0m has not been found in the database of known instructions." \
"Perhaps it is translated using other than Intel syntax. If obtained from objdump, check if the \`-M intel' flag is set." \
"Be aware that the search is case sensitive by default (you may use the -C flag, otherwise only lower case opcodes are accepted)."
exit $EXIT_NOT_FOUND
else
exit $EXIT_FOUND
fi
;;
d) Leading_Separator="$OPTARG" ;;
D) Trailing_Separator="$OPTARG" ;;
C) Case_Insensitive=true ;;
v) Invert=true ;;
V) Verbose=true ;;
m) Stop_After=$OPTARG ;;
n) Line_Numbers=true ;;
B) Leading_Context=$OPTARG ;;
A) Trailing_Context=$OPTARG ;;
h) usage ;;
\?)
echo -e "Unknown option: -$OPTARG\n"
usage
;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
[ -n "$1" ] && echo -e "Unknown command line parameter: $1\n" && usage
[ -z "$InstSet_Base" ] && usage
# Create list of grep parameters.
Grep_Params="--color=auto -B $Leading_Context -A $Trailing_Context"
[ $Count_Matching = true ] && Grep_Params="$Grep_Params -c"
[ $Case_Insensitive = true ] && Grep_Params="$Grep_Params -i"
[ $Invert = true ] && Grep_Params="$Grep_Params -v"
[ $Stop_After -gt 0 ] && Grep_Params="$Grep_Params -m $Stop_After"
[ $Line_Numbers = true ] && Grep_Params="$Grep_Params -n"
# Build regular expression for use in grep.
RegEx=""
for s in $InstSet_Base; do
eval RegEx=\"$RegEx \$Opcode_$s\"
done
# Add leading and trailing opcode separators to prevent false positives.
RegEx="$Leading_Separator`echo $RegEx | sed "s/ /$(echo "$Trailing_Separator"|sed 's/[\/&]/\\\&/g')|$(echo "$Leading_Separator"|sed 's/[\/&]/\\\&/g')/g"`$Trailing_Separator"
[ $Verbose = true -a $Count_Matching = false ] && RegEx="$RegEx|\$"
# The actual search.
grep $Grep_Params -E "$RegEx" && exit $EXIT_FOUND || exit $EXIT_NOT_FOUND
Perlu diketahui bahwa jika kueri penelusuran Anda terlalu besar (mis., dengan set instruksi Haswell dan -r switch - ini termasuk ratusan instruksi), perhitungan dapat berjalan lambat dan memakan waktu lama pada input besar yang tidak dimaksudkan untuk skrip sederhana ini.
Untuk informasi mendetail tentang penggunaan, konsultasikan
./opcode -h
Keseluruhan opcode skrip (termasuk Opcode_list) dapat ditemukan di http://pastebin.com/A8bAuHAP.
Jangan ragu untuk meningkatkan alat ini dan memperbaiki kesalahan yang mungkin saya buat. Terakhir, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada Jonathan Ben-Avraham atas ide hebatnya menggunakan gas.vim Shirk berkas.
EDIT: Skrip sekarang dapat menemukan set instruksi mana milik kode operasi (ekspresi reguler dapat digunakan).
Saya membuat program di Rust yang mencoba melakukan ini. Saya pikir itu berhasil, meskipun tidak berdokumen dan sangat rapuh:
https://github.com/pkgw/elfx86exts
Contoh penggunaan:
$ cd elfx86exts
$ cargo build
[things happen]
$ cargo run -- /bin/ls
Compiling elfx86exts v0.1.0 (file:///home/peter/sw/elfx86exts)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.9 secs
Running `target/debug/elfx86exts /bin/ls`
MODE64
CMOV
SSE2
SSE1
Pertama, dekompilasi biner Anda:
objdump -d binary > binary.asm
Kemudian temukan semua Instruksi SSE4 di file rakitan:
awk '/[ \t](mpsadbw|phminposuw|pmulld|pmuldq|dpps|dppd|blendps|blendpd|blendvps|blendvpd|pblendvb|pblenddw|pminsb|pmaxsb|pminuw|pmaxuw|pminud|pmaxud|pminsd|pmaxsd|roundps|roundss|roundpd|roundsd|insertps|pinsrb|pinsrd|pinsrq|extractps|pextrb|pextrd|pextrw|pextrq|pmovsxbw|pmovzxbw|pmovsxbd|pmovzxbd|pmovsxbq|pmovzxbq|pmovsxwd|pmovzxwd|pmovsxwq|pmovzxwq|pmovsxdq|pmovzxdq|ptest|pcmpeqq|pcmpgtq|packusdw|pcmpestri|pcmpestrm|pcmpistri|pcmpistrm|crc32|popcnt|movntdqa|extrq|insertq|movntsd|movntss|lzcnt)[ \t]/' binary.asm
(Catatan:CRC32 mungkin cocok dengan komentar.)
Temukan instruksi AVX paling umum (termasuk skalar, termasuk keluarga AVX2, AVX-512 dan beberapa FMA seperti vfmadd132pd ):
awk '/[ \t](vmovapd|vmulpd|vaddpd|vsubpd|vfmadd213pd|vfmadd231pd|vfmadd132pd|vmulsd|vaddsd|vmosd|vsubsd|vbroadcastss|vbroadcastsd|vblendpd|vshufpd|vroundpd|vroundsd|vxorpd|vfnmadd231pd|vfnmadd213pd|vfnmadd132pd|vandpd|vmaxpd|vmovmskpd|vcmppd|vpaddd|vbroadcastf128|vinsertf128|vextractf128|vfmsub231pd|vfmsub132pd|vfmsub213pd|vmaskmovps|vmaskmovpd|vpermilps|vpermilpd|vperm2f128|vzeroall|vzeroupper|vpbroadcastb|vpbroadcastw|vpbroadcastd|vpbroadcastq|vbroadcasti128|vinserti128|vextracti128|vpminud|vpmuludq|vgatherdpd|vgatherqpd|vgatherdps|vgatherqps|vpgatherdd|vpgatherdq|vpgatherqd|vpgatherqq|vpmaskmovd|vpmaskmovq|vpermps|vpermd|vpermpd|vpermq|vperm2i128|vpblendd|vpsllvd|vpsllvq|vpsrlvd|vpsrlvq|vpsravd|vblendmpd|vblendmps|vpblendmd|vpblendmq|vpblendmb|vpblendmw|vpcmpd|vpcmpud|vpcmpq|vpcmpuq|vpcmpb|vpcmpub|vpcmpw|vpcmpuw|vptestmd|vptestmq|vptestnmd|vptestnmq|vptestmb|vptestmw|vptestnmb|vptestnmw|vcompresspd|vcompressps|vpcompressd|vpcompressq|vexpandpd|vexpandps|vpexpandd|vpexpandq|vpermb|vpermw|vpermt2b|vpermt2w|vpermi2pd|vpermi2ps|vpermi2d|vpermi2q|vpermi2b|vpermi2w|vpermt2ps|vpermt2pd|vpermt2d|vpermt2q|vshuff32x4|vshuff64x2|vshuffi32x4|vshuffi64x2|vpmultishiftqb|vpternlogd|vpternlogq|vpmovqd|vpmovsqd|vpmovusqd|vpmovqw|vpmovsqw|vpmovusqw|vpmovqb|vpmovsqb|vpmovusqb|vpmovdw|vpmovsdw|vpmovusdw|vpmovdb|vpmovsdb|vpmovusdb|vpmovwb|vpmovswb|vpmovuswb|vcvtps2udq|vcvtpd2udq|vcvttps2udq|vcvttpd2udq|vcvtss2usi|vcvtsd2usi|vcvttss2usi|vcvttsd2usi|vcvtps2qq|vcvtpd2qq|vcvtps2uqq|vcvtpd2uqq|vcvttps2qq|vcvttpd2qq|vcvttps2uqq|vcvttpd2uqq|vcvtudq2ps|vcvtudq2pd|vcvtusi2ps|vcvtusi2pd|vcvtusi2sd|vcvtusi2ss|vcvtuqq2ps|vcvtuqq2pd|vcvtqq2pd|vcvtqq2ps|vgetexppd|vgetexpps|vgetexpsd|vgetexpss|vgetmantpd|vgetmantps|vgetmantsd|vgetmantss|vfixupimmpd|vfixupimmps|vfixupimmsd|vfixupimmss|vrcp14pd|vrcp14ps|vrcp14sd|vrcp14ss|vrndscaleps|vrndscalepd|vrndscaless|vrndscalesd|vrsqrt14pd|vrsqrt14ps|vrsqrt14sd|vrsqrt14ss|vscalefps|vscalefpd|vscalefss|vscalefsd|valignd|valignq|vdbpsadbw|vpabsq|vpmaxsq|vpmaxuq|vpminsq|vpminuq|vprold|vprolvd|vprolq|vprolvq|vprord|vprorvd|vprorq|vprorvq|vpscatterdd|vpscatterdq|vpscatterqd|vpscatterqq|vscatterdps|vscatterdpd|vscatterqps|vscatterqpd|vpconflictd|vpconflictq|vplzcntd|vplzcntq|vpbroadcastmb2q|vpbroadcastmw2d|vexp2pd|vexp2ps|vrcp28pd|vrcp28ps|vrcp28sd|vrcp28ss|vrsqrt28pd|vrsqrt28ps|vrsqrt28sd|vrsqrt28ss|vgatherpf0dps|vgatherpf0qps|vgatherpf0dpd|vgatherpf0qpd|vgatherpf1dps|vgatherpf1qps|vgatherpf1dpd|vgatherpf1qpd|vscatterpf0dps|vscatterpf0qps|vscatterpf0dpd|vscatterpf0qpd|vscatterpf1dps|vscatterpf1qps|vscatterpf1dpd|vscatterpf1qpd|vfpclassps|vfpclasspd|vfpclassss|vfpclasssd|vrangeps|vrangepd|vrangess|vrangesd|vreduceps|vreducepd|vreducess|vreducesd|vpmovm2d|vpmovm2q|vpmovm2b|vpmovm2w|vpmovd2m|vpmovq2m|vpmovb2m|vpmovw2m|vpmullq|vpmadd52luq|vpmadd52huq|v4fmaddps|v4fmaddss|v4fnmaddps|v4fnmaddss|vp4dpwssd|vp4dpwssds|vpdpbusd|vpdpbusds|vpdpwssd|vpdpwssds|vpcompressb|vpcompressw|vpexpandb|vpexpandw|vpshld|vpshldv|vpshrd|vpshrdv|vpopcntd|vpopcntq|vpopcntb|vpopcntw|vpshufbitqmb|gf2p8affineinvqb|gf2p8affineqb|gf2p8mulb|vpclmulqdq|vaesdec|vaesdeclast|vaesenc|vaesenclast)[ \t]/' binary.asm
CATATAN:diuji dengan gawk dan nawk .
Bagaimana cara membuat Memtest86+ yang dapat di-boot pada USB flash drive?
Cara menggunakan argumen kata sandi melalui baris perintah ke openssl untuk dekripsi